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The Lulua people (var. Luluwa) are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group of the Lulua River valley in south central Kasai-Occidental province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, closely related to the Luba people. The Lulua are in fact a collection of small groups whose home bordered by the larger Luba state and the related Songye people and Chokwe people, with whom they share a very similar culture, history, and language.〔Leo Frobenius, ''Ethnographische Notizen aus den Jahren 1905 und 1906'' (ed Hildegard Klein), F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, Stuttgart, 1985, chapter III : ''Luluwa, Süd-Kete, Bena Mai, Pende, Cokwe'' ISBN 3-515-04271-7〕〔Mabika Kalanda, ''Baluba et Lulua : une ethnie à la recherche d'un nouvel équilibre'', Éditions de Remarques congolaises, Bruxelles, 1959.〕 Lulua lands are bordered on the south by other small ethnic groups, including the Mbagani, Lwalwa, Southern Kete, and the Salampasu.〔William McCutchan Morrison, Presbyterian Church in the U.S. American Presbyterian Congo Mission. (Grammar and dictionary of the Buluba-Lulua language as spoken in the upper Kasai and Congo basin ). American Tract Society, 1906〕〔Constantijn Petridis. Art and power in the Central African Savanna: Luba, Songye, Chokwe, Luluwa. Mercatorfonds, 2008.〕 rural Lulua remain mostly farmers.〔Mu?ammad Zuhd? Yakan (Almanac of African peoples & nations ). Transaction Publishers, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56000-433-2 pp.485-6〕 ==History of Lulua identity== The name Lulua seems to have appeared in the last quarter of the 19th century, previously these groups simply being ethnically Luba people outside the Luba (or Baluba) political structure. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, in his history of Congo, describes the history Lulua ethnicity as an invented ethnicity.〔Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja. (The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: a people's history. 2002. )〕 There is no better example of the invention of ethnicity or, in other words, of how artificial ethnic identities can be than the Lulua--Baluba conflict. ()In fact, the Lulua share language, matrilineal inheritance, and many other cultural traits with the Luba people and the Kondji or Luntu peoples. All three have been considered subgroups of the Luba, tracing their origins back to the Luba empire based in Katanga.〔 In the 19th century, the Chokwe—another related group—identified a disparate collection of neighboring farming and hunting groups in the area between the Upper and Lower Kasai and Lulua Rivers as the "Beena Luluwa" (singular, "Mwena Luluwa") meaning "people by the Luluwa." The powerful Luba empire in the 18th century helped push these small Luba hunting groups into their present home, according to oral sources, coming from the west. Their collective identity was limited to the institution of the "Kalamba", a judge and war leader to whom these small groups turned to in times of internal or external conflict. Nineteenth century European missionaries and travelers contributed to this process of ethnic differentiation from the Luba, defining these small communities in contradistinction to the states of their neighbors. Father A. Van Zandijcke, a Belgian missionary, reported that until 1870 there was no agreed collective name for the Lulua, with each kinship group or chieftaincy identifying themselves independently. By the first decade of the 20th century, the coming of Belgian colonialism along with pressure from the Luba empire and other neighbors, began to develop a Lulua collective identity. 〔Leonce Ndikumana, Lisangani F. Emizet. The Economics of Civil War: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo. pp.63-88 in Understanding civil war: evidence and analysis, Volume 1. World Bank Publications 2009. ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7〕 Land disputes with neighbors helped lend a both a collective identity as well as feeding ethnic conflict, as did the Belgian colonial policy of formalising a "kingship", in the style of their neighbors, for the Lulua.〔〔〔Eugeen Roosens (ed). Creating ethnicity: the process of ethnogenesis. Volume 5 of Frontiers of anthropology. Sage Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8039-3422-1 pp.118-123〕 The tensions of the late colonial period finally culminated it what has been called the "Lulua--Baluba War", as communal violence exploded on 11 October 1959.〔〔(Congo-Kinshasa: La fin du conflit Lulua-Luba (1961) ) le Potentiel, 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lulua people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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